---
title: Dot Plot
description: The Fed dot plot explained: how FOMC rate projections work, why the median dot moves markets four times a year, and a worked hawkish-SEP example.
source: Helious
canonical: https://helious.io/learn/dot-plot
---

# Dot Plot

The **dot plot** is the chart in the Fed’s quarterly Summary of Economic Projections showing where each FOMC participant thinks the fed funds rate should be at the end of the current year, the next two or three years, and over the longer run. Each anonymous dot is one policymaker’s view; the market fixates on the **median**.

It matters because it is the Fed’s own forward guidance in numeric form, released only four times a year (March, June, September, December) alongside the rate decision. The knee-jerk trade at 2:00 p.m. ET on SEP days is usually the gap between the median dots and what futures had priced: a “hawkish dot plot” means the dots imply fewer cuts (or more hikes) than the market expected.

- The **longer-run dot** is the committee’s estimate of neutral; its slow drift upward in the mid-2020s repriced the whole curve.
- Dots are projections, not promises. Chairs routinely downplay them, and the market routinely ignores the downplaying.

**Worked example:** Going into a June SEP, futures price 75bp of cuts by year-end. The new median dot shows only 50bp, and the longer-run dot ticks from 3.0% to 3.125%. Within minutes the 2-year yield jumps 9bp, 2s10s flattens 4bp, and equities dip: a textbook hawkish-dots reaction.

## Questions

### What is the dot plot?

The chart in the Fed's quarterly Summary of Economic Projections where each FOMC participant marks their own view of the appropriate policy rate at the end of each of the next few years. The MEDIAN dot is what the market trades.

### How do traders read the dot plot?

By the median first, then by the spread of the dots, which shows how divided the committee is. A shifted median moves the front end immediately; a wide spread means the next data print matters more than usual. Helious covers each release on [the FOMC page](https://helious.io/fomc).

## Live data

Helious measures this and publishes the current figures at [https://helious.io/learn/dot-plot](https://helious.io/learn/dot-plot), and through the get_auctions and get_rates_and_curve tools on its MCP server at https://helious.io/mcp.